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Wurruk - Reflections in Black and White - includes ganai, kurnai, aboriginal language

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WURRUK: Reflections in Black and White

by Vaughan Nikitin

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ISBN:  978 - 1 - 84728 - 956 -8 (use this number to order from your local bookstore - from 12/2006)

An Earth-Story (Part) Written in an Aboriginal Language

Wurruk - Kurnai Language Glossary in Adobe PDF Format (right mouse click, save link as)

"In the spring of 1988, two teenage boys disappeared for seven nights in a wild and mystical region of Gippsland in south east Australia. Both were from proud families with a long history in the area. One of the clans arrived in 1878, soon after the first European settlers; the other before the last ice age. One of the boys wrote this story; the other is dead. One never had a chance to say he was sorry; the other never had a chance..."

Enter the reflective world of Wurruk (earth/story), a bullum (dual) memoir of the lives of bullum (two) tallumart (young men) as told by Vaughan Nikitin - in relation to his aboriginal yunki (mate) and brogan (brother), Tommy Hinkins: together, this is their self-portrait. Share their search for identity in this journey through space, time and the unforgotten language of their ancestors (the legends of the kurnai - ganai - gannai - gunnai - and the mountain cattlemen).

Wurruk is one man’s attempt to reconcile with (his) place by way of a part real, part imagined memoir. The author juxtaposes his own story with that of his doppelgänger, Tommy Hinkins, a representation of the Kurnai people, the first people of Gippsland, Australia, leading up to the death of one by the Den of Nargun, near the Mitchell River in eastern Victoria.

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More information on Wurruk, by Vaughan Nikitin

Written in 2002, Wurruk is one man’s attempt to reconcile with (his) place by way of a part real, part imagined memoir.  The author juxtaposes his own story with that of his doppelgänger, Tommy Hinkins, a representation of the Kurnai people, the first people of Gippsland, Australia, leading up to the death of one by the Den of Nargun, near the Mitchell River in eastern Victoria.

This book is divided into three parts: Parts I and III are predominantly written in Australian English and represent the comparative histories of two individuals in contemporary Australia as understood by the author, Part II represents the dreaming shared by the two characters when, together and truly alone for the first time, they disappear in time, in the bush, only to rediscover their ancestories in company.

Part II begins in Australian English but incorporates the remnants of the Kurnai language as it progresses.  In the first draft of Part II, Kurnai words were used from the place they were introduced; in the end the author limited himself to almost exclusively telling the story within the confines of what remains of the Kurnai vocabulary.  The aim of this technique was for the author to interpret the land through the language native to it, and to thus simultaneously place the (dying) words back into a meaningful context, within a story, the only place, the only way, meanings can survive through time.  While most of the Kurnai words in the original have been translated back into English, certain key concepts have been retained for this edition.

Immersion in this native language of Wurruk should at first alienate and, gunno ironically, displace the reader – that is the intention; it must be remembered, however, that this particular struggle is minor, albeit significant, in relation to our ongoing efforts toward reconciliation with the Australian landscape and the first people to give it meaning.  If we cannot incorporate the words given to us by the original inhabitants of this place, words themselves born of this land, then what hope do ‘we’ have in the end?

warrun ~ sun; yaan ~ water; warrunyan ~ love

… (: think about it :) …

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You are welcome to print this list as an accompaniment to the book, as a quick reference while reading rather than flicking backward and forward from the manuscript and the glossary included at the end of the publication.

Download Glossary in Adobe PDF format by clicking here

Kurnai Language Glossary (Words Retained)

baan (kurnai)

evil magic, sorcery

bagwan (kurnai)

life

bandan (kurnai)

sleep

bang (kurnai)

camp

Baul-Baul (kurnai)

Boole Boole Peninsula, place name

beakwan (kurnai)

alright, all right

beeber-beeber (kurnai)

a constant gale

Berrawun (kurnai)

Tambo River, place name

Bidwelli (bidwelli)

Bidwelli tribe, Eastern border of Victoria and New South Wales

billabong (unknown koorie)

a section of a river where it may have once flowed that fills with water when the river overflows

bimba (kurnai)

shoot out; spark (fire)

Binejarra-baul-baul (kurnai)

sub-tribe, family within the Tatungolung

birraark (kurnai)

men who had communion with the spirit world

blinte (kurnai)

bright light

boldain (kurnai)

young adults are given new names according to certain personal characteristics

boolk (kurnai)

magic or witchcraft; small black stones or pebbles used as charms

booroo (kurnai)

gun

boorun (kurnai)

pelican

bow (kurnai)

okay, OK

boyang (kurnai)

egg

Brabrolung (kurnai)

Brabrolung tribe, Kurnai, Lake King, Great Dviding Range from Mitchell River to the Tambo River

braeel (kurnai)

star

Braiakolung (kurnai)

Braiakolung tribe, Kurnai, Strezlecki Ranges, Great Dividing Range to Lake Victoria

brajerak (kurnai)

enemy; men whom we fear

Bratauolung (kurnai)

Bratauolung tribe, Kurnai, Wilson's Promontory, Strezlecki Ranges and Seaspray

bret (kurnai)

hand, hands

brewin (kurnai)

evil spirit, disease

brewit (kurnai)

adult male, following the initiation

bridda-bridda (kurnai)

aprons worn around the waist by men, made from the skin of the kangaroo rat

brogan (kurnai)

brother/adopted brother

brundhu (kurnai)

tomorrow

budgee budgee mul (kurnai)

come here; I want you

bukkan (kurnai)

night; dark

bulaman (kurnai)

two

bulaman-bata-bulum (kurnai)

four [two and two]

bulaman-bata-gutuk (kurnai)

three [two and one]

bulamirnda (kurnai)

wife, husband, spouse

bullerwang (kurnai)

adult male companion during the initiation ceremony

bullum (kurnai)

both, duality

bullum-bullum (kurnai)

plenty

Bung-Yarnda (kurnai)

Lake Tyers, place name

Bunjil (kurnai)

knowledge, wisdom, understanding; a prefix given to the male Kurnai elders

Bunjil-baul (kurnai)

Raymond Island, place name

Bunurong (bunurong)

Bunurong Tribe, Westernport Bay

butha (kurnai)

the

coungulla (kurnai)

wild black

cowarr (kurnai)

wind

cudgeree (kurnai)

club, heavy club

cuttarie (kurnai)

cloak [possum skin]

daan (kurnai)

snow, ice

damut (kurnai)

masturbation

dardi (kurnai)

strong, powerful

dawalgan (kurnai)

wound

dhadyan (kurnai)

clever man

dhadyang (kurnai)

happy

dhandalak (kurnai)

eat

dhandayan (kurnai)

drink

dhun (kurnai)

penis

dhunguggan (kurnai)

sex

diak (kurnai)

ask

dindin (kurnai)

very bad

dindin-munadha

sorry

djeetgun (kurnai)

blue wren, superb warbler, Malurus Cyaneus [also the totem of the women in the Kurnai tribes]

djira (kurnai)

kangaroo

doogooroo (kurnai)

waterfall

durdigan (kurnai)

dead, die

durt (kurnai)

testicles, scrotum

dyidwurruk (kurnai)

sexual desire

gan (kurnai)

animal

Gellung-warl (kurnai)

Rotamah Island, place name

gendook (kurnai)

stick for use as a punt with a canoe

Geremoot (kurnai)

Nicholson River, place name

gindhan (kurnai)

jump

grangalloo (kurnai)

hunting ground

gree (kurnai)

money

gri (kurnai)

bark canoe

gruk (kurnai)

blood

gullendan (kurnai)

remember

gunnai (kurnai)

man, Man, human [also pronounced  kurnai - used as the tribe name]

gunno (kurnai)

perhaps

gunyeru (kurnai)

corroboree [tribal gathering and ceremony]

gutaban (kurnai)

one

gwannung (kurnai)

shit

gwarrun (kurnai)

thunder

il (kurnai)

and

Jaitmathang (jaitmathang)

Jaitmathang tribe, Omeo and Victorian Alps

jerraeil (kurnai)

initiation

jetbolan (kurnai)

liar, pretender

jibban (kurnai)

burn, roast

jilli (kurnai)

today

kaiun (kurnai)

aprons worn around the waist by women, made from the skin of the kangaroo

kanti (kurnai)

my word

karndan (kurnai)

call, to call

karng (kurnai)

lake

karobran (kurnai)

together

karrong (kurnai)

cold, flu, consumption, TB, lung disease

ko-ki (kurnai)

exclamation of surprise, much like 'wow!' or 'cor blimey'

Koori (south east australian tribe)

our people

kraaun (kurnai)

female companion during initiation ceremony

kramban (kurnai)

laugh

Kroatungolung (kurnai)

Kroatungolung tribe, Kurnai, Lakes Entrance, Caan River and Buchan

kukun (kurnai)

maternal grandmother

kurelgatti (kurnai)

big, large

kurnai (kurnai)

man, human; title of the tribe that inhabited Gippsland [used in this text as the tribe name as distinct from 'Gunnai' which is used to describe 'Man' or 'man' herein]

laen (kurnai)

agreeable, good, beautiful [much like the colloquial term 'cool']

lak (kurnai)

food

lewin (kurnai)

news, messenger with news

lewinda-jerra-alla (kurnai)

messengers of the initiation

lo-an (kurnai)

don't look

loon (kurnai)

white man

loonikin (kurnai)

white woman

loorapa (kurnai)

run away

ma (kurnai)

of

makta (kurnai)

body

malloo (kurnai)

dust, dirt

Maneroo (kurnai)

Maneroo tribe [Monaro tribe, southern NSW]

marinathung (kurnai)

splendid oven, earth oven

marraga (kurnai)

shield

melkin (kurnai)

kill

mia (kurnai)

hut, huts

Minjambuta (minjambuta)

Minjambuta tribe - Mt Buffalo, Ovens Valley

mirpak (kurnai)

cold

mirriwan (kurnai)

spear thrower

mirrukwat (kurnai)

lightning

mlang-mri (kurnai)

lightning eyes

mraa (kurnai)

face, faces

mrart (kurnai)

ghosts of ancestors

mremunaty (kurnai)

hunger

mri (kurnai)

eye, eyes

muggan (kurnai)

father

muk (kurnai)

great, excellent

mulbitthunga (kurnai)

long ago

muldarpe (unknown - South Australian or Western Australian origin)

mythical evil spirit/creature that could take the form of many animals

mulla-mullung (kurnai)

medicine man, witch doctor

mulnokang (kurnai)

yesterday

munga (kurnai)

from

mungie (kurnai)

place

muraty (kurnai)

sick, ill

Murla (kurnai)

Lake Wellington, place name

murndhan (kurnai)

dance

Murrundyanarla (kurnai)

Freestone Creek, place name

nakun (kurnai)

maternal grandfather

Narguna (kurnai)

Nargun, a mythical creature

Narkabungdha (kurnai)

The Sea Spirit

narran (kurnai)

moon

nartowngill (kurnai)

blanket

nga (kurnai)

yes

ngalko (kurnai)

no [similar to yes - nga]

ngalquan (kurnai)

alone

ngetal (kurnai)

my

Ngooran (kurnai)

the Southern Cross, a constellation

ngulla-gullendan (kurnai)

forget

ngullagung (kurnai)

greed

Ngurrwut (kurnai)

Sub-tribe, family within the Tatungolung

Nigothoruk (kurnai)

Mount Wellington (place name) - [nigothoruk - possibly great spirits that lived in this sacred area]

notte (kurnai)

cloud, clouds

nrung (kurnai)

hole, cave, burrow

nulluk (kurnai)

skin

nungalung (kurnai)

his, hers

nungurra (kurnai)

pleasant place

nuwan (kurnai)

weep

nyerimerlang (kurnai)

chain of lakes

Nyol (kurnai)

mythical little men, good and evil, that often steal the memory of the people they are with

partoeng (kurnai)

basket, pouch

pippi (kurnai)

common shellfish found on sandy ocean beaches

rindhan (kurnai)

run

Tabberabbera (kurnai)

meeting of two rivers [place name]

tanderra (kurnai)

resting place

targoot (kurnai)

stop a bit, pause

tarli (kurnai)

small, little

Tarli Karng (kurnai)

Little Lake, place name

Tatungolung (kurnai)

Tatungolung tribe, Kurnai, Gippsland Lakes, Seaspray to Lakes Entrance

Taungurong (taungurong)

Taungurong tribe, Seymour to Mt Buffalo

thaganai (kurnai)

observe (no evidence of the equivalents - 'look' or 'see')

thara (kurnai)

name, names

thunganadhang (kurnai)

talk

thungdung (kurnai)

totem

tiddalik (kurnai)

frog

tinban (kurnai)

bad

toom (kurnai)

good

toona (kurnai)

say, declare, reply

Toornalook (kurnai)

Lake Victoria, place name meaning long, narrow water

tootnurrung (kurnai)

adolescent male during the period of the initiation ceremony

towera (kurnai)

fire

tuk (kurnai)

musk duck

Tundun (kurnai)

porpoise, dolphin; son of muk Muggan-Yambo

turndun (kurnai)

bullroarer, sacred instrument that attracted spirits and women

Turnmile (kurnai)

one who swaggers, name

tutbukan (kurnai)

girl

tyillaiu (kurnai)

by and by, over time, sometime

wadyuwadyuk (kurnai)

venereal disease, commonly syphillis

Walmunyeera (kurnai)

Lake Reeve, place name meaning shallow lake

Wandilligong (minjambuta)

little bushman, goblin, spirit

wangin (kurnai)

boomerang; Boomerang Point, place name

warngun (kurnai)

hunter

warridyallumba (kurnai)

wake

warrigal (wurundjeri)

wild blacks

warrun (kurnai)

sun; day; sky

warrunyan (kurnai)

love

Wendell (kurnai)

significant Kurnai ceremonial place, close to Lake Wellington, actual location unknown

whentwin (kurnai)

paternal grandfather

Whowie (kurnai)

mythical evil spirit/creature

willang (kurnai)

rain

willin (kurnai)

vulva

wirragun (kurnai)

swim

wirrak (kurnai)

piss

wotti (kurnai)

boy

wraeel (kurnai)

canoe paddles - also used to scoop water out of the canoe

wudhur (kurnai)

quick, fast, swift

wun (kurnai)

river

wunganloon (kurnai)

white explorer

wurruk (kurnai)

earth; story [Wurruk = Earth, wurruk = story]

Wurundjeri (wurundjeri)

Wurundjeri tribe, Yarra Valley, current site of Melbourne

yakka-toon (kurnai)

well said

yambo (kurnai)

spirit

Yambo-Kani (kurnai)

spirit double of the deceased, Man-Spirit

Yambo-Mri (author)

Spirit-Eye

yangan (kurnai)

walk

yardabannai (kurnai)

slow, tired

Yau-ung (kurnai)

Sub-tribe, family within the Bratauolung

yay (kurnai)

sad, sorrow

yeerung (kurnai)

emu wren, Stipiturus Malachurus [also the totem of the men in the Kurnai tribes]

yuggan (kurnai)

mother

yukka-dom (kurnai)

oh dear oh dear

yuk-ki (kurnai)

oh dear - exclamation

yunki (kurnai)

friend, mate

 

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Full List of Kurnai, Ganai, Gunnai Words used when composing the First Draft of Wurruk

  baan (kurnai, ganai, gunnai): evil magic, sorcery
  Babuk (kurnai, ganai, gunnai): uncle
  baddhaluk (kurnai, ganai, gunnai): goanna
  bagwan (kurnai, ganai, gunnai): life
  bal (kurnai, ganai, gunnai): all
  ballon (kurnai, ganai, gunnai): bough, spreading branch
  balmburn (kurnai, ganai, gunnai): little lizard, droptail lizard
  ban (kurnai, ganai, gunnai): knee
  ban (kurnai, ganai, gunnai): knee
  bandan (kurnai, ganai, gunnai): sleep
  bang (kurnai, ganai, gunnai): camp
  barrat (kurnai, ganai, gunnai): again
  barritbruk (kurnai, ganai, gunnai): battle ground
  bategejan (kurnai, ganai, gunnai): cut
  baul (kurnai, ganai, gunnai): island
  Baul-Baul (kurnai, ganai, gunnai): Boole Boole Penisula, place name
  baurn (kurnai, ganai, gunnai): she-oak
  beakwan (kurnai, ganai, gunnai): alright, all right
  be-ara (kurnai, ganai, gunnai): north
  beeber-beeber (kurnai, ganai, gunnai): a constant gale, lit. blow-hard blow-hard
  bengworden (kurnai, ganai, gunnai): fall, falling
  bepercutty (kurnai, ganai, gunnai): plain
  Berrawun (kurnai, ganai, gunnai): Tambo River, place name
  Bidwelli (bidwelli): Bidwelli tribe, Eastern Border of Victoria and New South Wales
  bil (kurnai, ganai, gunnai): in
  billabong (unknown Koori): a section of a river where it may have once flowed that fills with water when the river overflows
  bimba (kurnai, ganai, gunnai): shoot out, spark [fire]
  Binejarra-Baul-Baul (kurnai, ganai, gunnai): Sub-tribe, family within the Tatungolung